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<p>Lesotho &ndash; Botswana Water Transfer Project aims to implement a water conveyance system in Lesotho through South Africa to Botswana. The project also includes the construction of a multi-purpose dam in Lesotho with a hydropower plant.</p>

<p>The first-phase of the multi-phase Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) entailed the construction of Katse Dam, Mohale Dams, Matsoku Diversion Tunnel and the Muela hydropower station. Lesotho benefits from a sustainable, independent energy supply for Lesotho that will meet the country's electricity requirements and royalty revenue from the project, while South Africa benefits from the security of supply of high quality water that is transferred into the Vaal River system for domestic and industrial use in the Gauteng province. Phase II of the LHWP will be implemented in terms of two distinct components: a water delivery system to augment the delivery of water to South Africa and a hydropower generation system, which will increase the current electricity generation capacity in Lesotho. The program involves the construction of the Polihali Dam and the Transfer Tunnel in the Mokhotlong district and a hydropower scheme following the conclusion of a joint feasibility studies. As per the provisions of the Phase II Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa, the implementation of the Kobong Pump Storage scheme or any other hydro scheme was subject to the outcome of a joint feasibility studies. The technical and the economic feasibility studies for the Kobong Pump Storage scheme were completed in 2013. However, the outcome was that further studies should be undertaken. These included, a market study, an integration study, geotechnical investigations and legal and commercial arrangements Lesotho secured funding from the World Bank to undertake the above studies, including convectional hydropower options. These studies are expected to be substantially complete by the end of August 2019 . The further feasiility studies have looked at pumped storage and conventional hydropower options. The decision was taken to defer the pump storage option (due to prevailing economic conditions) and advance the conventional options. This entails one site at Oxbow on Malibamat&scaron;o River and two sites on the Senqu River. . The topography of the region allows for the possibility of developing a hydro-power generation in Lesotho in conjunction with the provision of water supplies to the RSA. For South Africa, construction of this dam and related infrastructure will guarantee the desired level of water availability in Gauteng and the Vaal River system in the most cost-effective manner. In parallel with water conservation measures in the Vaal River, it will also influence the improvement of water quality amongst many benefits. Phase II water delivery and hydropower generation are expected to be commissioned at the same time early in 2026, and the project close out is forecast for December 2028.</p>

<p>~~The first-phase of the multi-phase Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) entailed the construction of Katse Dam, Mohale Dams, Matsoku Diversion Tunnel and the Muela hydropower station.  Lesotho benefits from a sustainable, independent energy supply for Lesotho that will meet the country"’s electricity requirements and royalty revenue from the project, while South Africa benefits from the security of supply of high quality water that is transferred into the Vaal River system for  domestic and industrial use in the Gauteng province.<br>
Phase II of the LHWP will be implemented in terms of two distinct components: a water delivery system to augment the delivery of water to South Africa and a hydropower generation system, which will increase the current electricity generation capacity in Lesotho.<br>
The program involves the construction of the Polihali Dam and the Transfer Tunnel in the Mokhotlong district and a hydropower scheme following the conclusion of a joint feasibility studies.<br>
As per the provisions of the Phase II Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa, the implementation of the Kobong Pump Storage scheme or any other hydro scheme was subject to the outcome of a joint feasibility studies. The technical and the economic feasibility studies for the Kobong Pump Storage scheme were completed in 2013. However, the outcome was that further studies should be undertaken. These  included, a market study, an integration study, geotechnical investigations and legal and commercial arrangements<br>
Lesotho secured funding from the World Bank to undertake the above studies, including convectional hydropower options. These studies are expected to be substantially complete by the end of August 2019 . The further feasiility studies have looked at pumped storage and conventional hydropower options. The decision was taken to defer the pump storage option (due to prevailing economic conditions) and advance the conventional options. This entails one site at Oxbow on MalibamatÅ¡o River and two sites on the Senqu River.   .<br>
The topography of the region allows for the possibility of developing a hydro-power generation in Lesotho in conjunction with the provision of water supplies to the RSA. For South Africa, construction of this dam and related infrastructure will guarantee the desired level of water availability in Gauteng and the Vaal River system in the most cost-effective manner.  In parallel with water conservation measures in the Vaal River, it will also influence the improvement of water quality amongst many benefits.  Phase II water delivery and hydropower generation are expected to be commissioned at the same time early in 2026, and the project close out is forecast for December 2028.</p>

<p>Water transfer from Lesotho to Botswana across South Africa, to meet water supply demands in Botswana, Lesotho and en route parts of South Africa. It involves construction of a multipurpose dam along Makhaleng River in Lesotho and conveyance system from Lesotho to Botswana.</p><p>Various foreseen water uses include domestic, industrial, irrigation, hydropower generation and environmental water requirements.</p><p>Dam in Lesotho. Conveyance system in Lesotho, South Africa and Botswana</p><p>The project serves a planned infrastructure asset of another sector, but there is less than 50% overlap in the geography serviced by the proposed project and the other sector planned asset.</p><p>Although studies are ongoing, indicatively about 75% of the yield from the proposed dam in Lesotho is foreseen for water demands in Botswana.</p><p><br></p>

<p>Construction of a standard gauge railway (2900km) from Lamu Port in Kenya to Juba in South Sudan and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia i.e. LamuGarissa-Isiolo and branching into two links, the link to South Sudan (Isiolo-Nginyang-Nakodok-Juba) and link to Ethiopia (Isiolo-Moyale-Addis Ababa). Design speed: (Passenger train) 160 km per hour (Kph), (Freight train) 120 Kph, Gauge: 1,435 mm (Standard Gauge). The railway project preliminary designs are complete for the Kenyan and Ethiopian route and expected to proceed to the Detailed Engineering Design stage. The Government Kenya and the Government of Ethiopia have signed a Bilateral Agreement to jointly pursue the development of the LAPSSET Standard Gauge Railway. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between LCDA and InterGovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to facilitate the financing of this stage though an Infrastructure Project Preparatory Fund (IPPF) available through the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). </p>

<p>Construction of a standard gauge railway (2900km) from Lamu Port in Kenya to Juba in South Sudan and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia i.e. LamuGarissa-Isiolo and branching into two links, the link to South Sudan (Isiolo-Nginyang-Nakodok-Juba) and link to Ethiopia (Isiolo-Moyale-Addis Ababa). Design speed: (Passenger train) 160 km per hour (Kph), (Freight train) 120 Kph, Gauge: 1,435 mm (Standard Gauge). The railway project preliminary designs are complete for the Kenyan and Ethiopian route and expected to proceed to the Detailed Engineering Design stage. The Government Kenya and the Government of Ethiopia have signed a Bilateral Agreement to jointly pursue the development of the LAPSSET Standard Gauge Railway. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between LCDA and InterGovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to facilitate the financing of this stage though an Infrastructure Project Preparatory Fund (IPPF) available through the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). </p>

<p>Construction of a standard gauge railway (2900km) from Lamu Port in Kenya to Juba in South Sudan and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia i.e. LamuGarissa-Isiolo and branching into two links, the link to South Sudan (Isiolo-Nginyang-Nakodok-Juba) and link to Ethiopia (Isiolo-Moyale-Addis Ababa). Design speed: (Passenger train) 160 km per hour (Kph), (Freight train) 120 Kph, Gauge: 1,435 mm (Standard Gauge). The railway project preliminary designs are complete for the Kenyan and Ethiopian route and expected to proceed to the Detailed Engineering Design stage. The Government Kenya and the Government of Ethiopia have signed a Bilateral Agreement to jointly pursue the development of the LAPSSET Standard Gauge Railway. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between LCDA and InterGovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to facilitate the financing of this stage though an Infrastructure Project Preparatory Fund (IPPF) available through the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). </p>

<span [removed]: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The Lamu Crude Oil Pipeline is a proposed crude oil pipeline that will originate from South Sudan oil fields to the Lamu port and will also be used to evacuate crude oil from the oil-rich fields in South Lokichar in Kenya to Lamu Port for export. Crude oil loading to oil tankers will be made through Single Point Mooring (SPM) at Lamu Port. 200,000DWT is considered as the maximum size of the tankers. The location of the refinery has been investigated under this study. Lamu has been considered for the location. Crude oil will be transported through the crude oil pipeline, while Gasoline, Kerosene, and Diesel will be transported through the product oil pipeline (multi-product pipeline). Transportation volumes have been set through the analysis by among economists, refinery engineers and pipeline engineers based on the market and economic study.</span><br [removed]: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><br [removed]: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><span [removed]: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Crude oil is to be transported from the tank terminal beside the refinery to SPMs by two crude oil pipelines. The onshore portion of the pipeline route has been selected to avoid passage through the city center of Lamu, whereas, the offshore portion has been selected to run along the boundary of the port extension plan. The pipelines will run in an easterly direction through Magumba before turning South-east into Wange creak where they will be installed under the seabed to a point just North-west of Pate Island. The lines will make a turn Southwards transversing mainly a mangrove area through Tukutu, Chongoni, and Mwamba Pazah. From Mwamba Pazah the lines will be installed under the sea bed and run southwards to the two SPMs in the main channel. Crude oil stored at Lamu crude oil tank terminal will be transported through crude oil exporting pipelines of 42km length (on-land portion 11km, offshore portion 31km) to Single Point Moorings (SPM) and then to oil tankers (Max.200,000DWT) for export. The duration of loading to the tanker has been set as 30 hours, which is typical loading time in oil-exporting countries. The flow rate of loading to a 200,000DWT tanker has been set as 8,000m3/hr accordingly. The design pressure is set to be 2.0MPa as a typical pressure. As a result of the hydraulic analysis, it has been found that two lines of 48-inch diameter are required.</span><br>

<p>The design for the LAPSSET higway components provide for a heavy transportation route from Lamu to South Sudan through Garissa, Isiolo, Kisima and Nginyang to meet the existing Kenya - South Sudan road at Lokichar, from where it continues to the border at Nadapal. The Lamu - Isiolo - Lokichar - Lodwar - Nadapal section measures about 1,300 km. The Northern Branch of the corridor to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia is the Isiolo- Moyale section which is also part of LAPSSET Corridor road. Construction on this section has been completed and the One Stop Border Post (OSBP) construction is currently underway.</p>

<p>The project is divided into four sections as follows:</p>

<ul>
<li>Lamu - Garissa  Road -263km</li>
<li>Garissa-Isiolo Road - 305km</li>
<li>Isiolo - Nginyang Road - 212km</li>
<li>Nginyang - Lokichar - Nadapal - 533km</li>
</ul>

<p>NB: The Government of Kenya is currently working on the re-alignment of Isiolo-Nginyang-Lokichar Section). The new aligned section takes the route: Isiolo-Lareta-Maralal-Baragoi-Lokori-Lokichar). Other sections remain the same.</p>